以质量求发展，以服务铸品牌

Journal of Nursing ›› 2023, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (6): 52-56.doi: 10.16460/j.issn1008-9969.2023.06.052

Previous Articles     Next Articles

Feasibility and accuracy of blood glucose monitoring in alternative sites

HE Shou-yi1,2, YU Hui-qin1,2, ZHANG Di1,2, LI Min1   

  1. 1. Dept. of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China;
    2. School of Nursing, China Medical University, Shenyang 110121, China
  • Received:2022-09-29 Online:2023-03-25 Published:2023-04-12

PDF (PC)

303

Like

Abstract: Objective To explore the feasibility, practicability and accuracy of other body parts as alternative parts for blood glucose monitoring. Methods With self-control method, 100 volunteers were enrolled in a tertiary grade-A hospital in Shenyang from December 2021 to June 2022. Random blood glucose values were obtained by puncture (interval <5 min) in different parts (including earlobe, fingertip, maisar, minnoir, arm and toe), and venous biochemical blood glucose was collected. The sampling, accuracy and pain scores of the six sites were compared. Results The difference in puncture sampling at six sites was statistically significant (P<0.05). Blood glucose value of other 5 sites was highly correlated and consistent with that of the fingertip, showing statistical significance (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in blood glucose and venous biochemical blood glucose in earlobe, fingertip, arm and toe (P>0.05). NRS pain score of the 6 sites was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The blood glucose value of the earlobe shows high accuracy and consistency, and the puncture is convenient and with less pain, so it may be the best alternative site for blood glucose monitoring.

Key words: capillary blood glucose monitoring, blood glucose monitoring in alternative sites, pain, nursing

CLC Number: 

  • R473.5
[1] Zhang L, Gu C, Ma H, et al.Portable glucose meter: trends in techniques and its potential application in analysis[J].Anal Bioanal Chem,2019,411(1):21-36.DOI:10.1007/s00216-018-1361-7 (2019).
[2] Draznin B, Aroda VR, Bakris G, et al.16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of medical care in diabetes-2022[J].Diabetes Care, 2022, 45(Suppl 1):S244-s253. DOI:10.2337/dc22-S016 (2022).
[3] Tang L, Chang SJ, Chen CJ, et al.Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring technology: a review[J]. Sensors (Basel),2020,20(23). DOI:10.3390/s20236925 (2020).
[4] Le Floch JP, Bauduceau B, Lévy M, et al.Self-monitoring of blood glucose, cutaneous finger injury, and sensory loss in diabetic patients[J].Diabetes Care,2008,31(10):e73. DOI:10.2337/dc08-1174 (2008).
[5] Bruen D, Delaney C, Florea L, et al.Glucose sensing for diabetes monitoring: recent developments[J].Sensors (Basel),2017,17(8):1866. DOI:10.3390/s17081866 (2017).
[6] Jeon SY, Shi Y, Lee AK, et al.Fingerstick glucose monitoring in veterans affairs nursing home residents with diabetes mellitus[J]. J Am Geriatr Soc,2021, 69(2):424-431. DOI:10.1111/jgs.16880 (2021)
[7] Lee KT, Abadir PM.Failure of glucose monitoring in an individual with pseudohypoglycemia[J]. J Am Geriatr Soc,2015,63(8):1706-1708. DOI:10.1111/jgs.13572 (2015).
[8] Fedele D, Corsi A, Noacco C, et al.Alternative site blood glucose testing: a multicenter study[J]. Diabetes Technol Ther,2003,5(6):983-989.DOI:10.1089/152091503322641033 (2003).
[9] Knapp PE, Showers KM, Phipps JC, et al.Self-monitoring of blood glucose with finger tip versus alternative site sampling: effect on glycemic control in insulin-using patients with type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Technol Ther,2009,11(4):219-225. DOI:10.1089/dia.2008.0060 (2009).
[10] 黄燕,李卉,高金平,等.合肥地区健康成年人群皮肤微循环的观察[J].安徽医科大学学报,2017,52(10):1572-1574.DOI: 10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000-1492.2017.10.035.
[11] Peled N, Wong D, Gwalani SL. Comparison of glucose levels in capillary blood samples obtained from a variety of body sites[J]. Diabetes Technol Ther, 2002, 4(1):35-44; discussion 5-7.DOI: 10.1089/15209150252924067.
[12] Greenhalgh S, Bradshaw S, Hall CM, et al.Forearm blood glucose testing in diabetes mellitus[J]. Arch Dis Child,2004,89(6):516-518.DOI:10.1136/adc.2002.019307 (2004).
[13] Harris DL, Weston PJ, Gamble GD, et al.Glucose profiles in healthy term infants in the first 5 days: the glucose in well babies (GLOW) study[J].J Pediatr,2020,223:34-41.e4. DOI:10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.02.079 (2020).
[14] Everett E, Mathioudakis N.Update on management of diabetic foot ulcers[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2018, 1411(1): 153-165.DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13569.
[15] Association AD.11. Microvascular complications and foot care: standards of medical care in diabetes-2021[J].Diabetes Care,2021, 44(Suppl 1):S151-s167.DOI:10.2337/dc21-S011 (2021).
[16] Chan HY, Lau TS, Ho SY, et al.The accuracy and acceptability of performing capillary blood glucose measurements at the earlobe[J].J Adv Nurs,2016,72(8):1766-1773. DOI:10.1111/jan.12944 (2016).
[17] Fedele D, Corsi A, Noacco C, et al.Alternative site blood glucose testing: a multicenter study[J]. Diabetes Technol Ther, 2003,5(6):983-989.DOI:10.1089/152091503322641033.
[18] Wei CH, Peng TC, Wang PY, et al.Clinical evaluation and alternative site blood glucose testing of the EasyPlus mini R2N blood glucose monitoring system[J]. Clin Chim Acta,2009, 403(1-2):167-172. DOI:10.1016/j.cca.2009.02.011 (2009).
[19] Kempe KC, Budd D, Stern M, et al.Palm glucose readings compared with fingertip readings under steady and dynamic glycemic conditions, using the OneTouch Ultra Blood Glucose Monitoring System[J]. Diabetes Technol Ther, 2005, 7(6):916-926. DOI:10.1089/dia.2005.7.916.
[20] Ellison JM, Stegmann JM, Colner SL, et al.Rapid changes in postprandial blood glucose produce concentration differences at finger, forearm, and thigh sampling sites[J].Diabetes Care,2002, 25(6):961-964. DOI:10.2337/diacare.25.6.961 (2002).
[21] Bina DM, Anderson RL, Johnson ML, et al.Clinical impact of prandial state, exercise, and site preparation on the equivalence of alternative-site blood glucose testing[J].Diabetes Care,2003,26(4):981-985. DOI:10.2337/diacare.26.4.981 (2003).
[22] 谢琪林,康芳.疼痛敏感性的评估及相关影响因素研究进展[J].国际麻醉学与复苏杂志,2021,42(6):659-663. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn321761-20200514-00315.
[23] Porro CA, Baraldi P, Pagnoni G, et al.Does anticipation of pain affect cortical nociceptive systems?[J]. J Neurosci, 2002, 22(8):3206-3214.DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-08-03206.2002.
[24] Kempe KC, Budd D, Stern M, et al.Palm glucose readings compared with fingertip readings under steady and dynamic glycemic conditions, using the One Touch Ultra Blood Glucose Monitoring System[J].Diabetes Technol Ther,2005,7(6):916-926. DOI:10.1089/dia.2005.7.916 (2005).
[1] CAI Ying-ying, LING Chen, LIU Mian-zhu, ZHOU Jie, ZHANG Jun-feng, CHEN Lian-hua, TIAN Xiao-fei, LUO Bin, CHEN Meng-yun. Methodological quality assessment of guidelines for assessment and management of adult cancer pain [J]. Journal of Nursing, 2025, 32(4): 34-40.
[2] LIU Lu, ZHU Yu, CAO Yi, ZHANG Hua, PENG Yu-na. Effect of target temperature management strategy on intraoperative temperature management in patients undergoing hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy [J]. Journal of Nursing, 2025, 32(4): 59-63.
[3] GONG Zu-hua, SUN Li, TAN Xuan, ZHANG Yue, SHI Dan, CHENG Juan-juan. Effect of basic sign collection-comparison-recognition model for occult change after hepatobiliary surgery [J]. Journal of Nursing, 2025, 32(4): 74-78.
[4] LI Miao-miao, XIONG Li-juan, QI Lei, LI Min, XIANG Yu-ting. Application of diagnosis-related group based on Ridit analysis and rank sum ratio method in nursing performance management [J]. Journal of Nursing, 2025, 32(3): 22-26.
[5] LI Ruo-Yu, LIU Xin, LIN Ping, CHEN Dan, LIN Hua. Best evidence summary for medication safety management for discharged patients [J]. Journal of Nursing, 2025, 32(3): 50-55.
[6] YANG Xiao-juan, MAO Xiao-rong, WANG Jing, JIANG Hua, LI Rong, FAN Yu, WEN Qing, LI Lin-zhang, CHEN Xiao-rong. Best evidence summary for early enteral nutrition management in adults with severe burns [J]. Journal of Nursing, 2025, 32(3): 56-61.
[7] ZHU Tian-shun, ZHU Ke-ke, XUE Hui-yuan, JIAO Cong-cong, WEI Chang-hui, WANG He. Application of message framing theory in health management: a scoping review [J]. Journal of Nursing, 2025, 32(2): 44-49.
[8] LIU Shuo-yi, XIONG Li-juan, LI Ling, WANG Yu-mei, HE Jia, LI Xin, YUAN Shi-lei, GUO Xue-qin, WANG Yang-jing, ZHANG Hui-juan. Quality evaluation and content analysis of clinical practice guidelines for prevention and management of frailty in elderly hospitalized patients [J]. Journal of Nursing, 2025, 32(2): 50-55.
[9] SUN Juan, LI Ya-li, MA An-na, WANG Hua, ZHANG Hui-min. Experience of nursing postgraduates on ideological and political teaching in community nursing practice: a qualitative study [J]. Journal of Nursing, 2025, 32(1): 19-23.
[10] LI Ge-ge, WANG Wan-er, PU Jiang-feng, XIE Zhang-hao, YANG Niu, HUANG Hui-gen. Evaluation of allocation of nursing human resource in Guangdong Province based on entropy weight TOPSIS combined with RSR method [J]. Journal of Nursing, 2025, 32(1): 29-33.
[11] HE Fang, WEN Xiu-lan, LIN Yan, SUN Li, WANG Xiao-jie, YU Xin, LIU Hui, GUO Xiao-ping, ZHOU Yan. Establishment and practice of online neonatal nursing consultation clinic based on mobile healthcare [J]. Journal of Nursing, 2024, 31(9): 20-23.
[12] CHEN Jie, MENG Qing-tong, LIU Jing-jin, WU Yan-ni. Development of guideline-based exercise rehabilitation handbook for patients with chronic heart failure [J]. Journal of Nursing, 2024, 31(9): 36-41.
[13] FU Lu-lu, XIE Yi-xuan, WANG Yue, WEI Wei, ZHANG Chuan-ying, ZHU Yu. Evidence summary for auditory stimulation intervention for procedural pain in neonates [J]. Journal of Nursing, 2024, 31(9): 42-47.
[14] CHEN Jie, LAI Jing, WANG Cheng-yue, XU Liang-ying, YAN Juan, LUO Xue. Construction of humanistic care quality evaluation index system of ICU nursing based on Three-dimensional Quality Structure Theory [J]. Journal of Nursing, 2024, 31(9): 54-59.
[15] MU Xiao-ying, ZHOU Fen, FAN Ying-yi, YUAN Ting, WANG Yu-xi, LV Yun-peng, RONG Hong-guo. Patients' preferences for internet-based sharing nursing service of breast massage based on discrete choice experiment [J]. Journal of Nursing, 2024, 31(9): 72-78.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
No Suggested Reading articles found!